DRUGS:Drugs are chemical of low molecular masses, which interact with
macromolecular targets and produce a biological response.
2.chemotherapy:The use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called chemotherapy.
3. Callsification of drugs:
(1).on the basis of pharmacological effect:
Drugs for a particular type of
problem as analgesics for pain relieving.
(2). On the basis of drug action:
Action of drug on a particular biochemical
process.
(3) .On the basis of chemical action
Drugs having similar structure, e.g.,
sulpha drugs.
(4).on the basis of molecular targets:
Drugs interacting with biomolecules as
lipids, proteins.
4.enzaymes as drug targets :
(1). Catalytic action of enzyms
(a) Enzymes have active sites which hold the substrate molecule. It can be
attracted by reacting molecules.
(b) Substrate is bonded to active sites through hydrogen bonds, ionic
bonds, van der Waal or dipole-dipole interactions.
(a) Drug complete with natural substrate for their attachments on the
active sites of enzymes. They are called competitive inhibitors.
(b) Some drugs binds to a different site of the enzyme called allosteric
sites which changes the shape of active sites.)
5.antagonists:The drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural
6agonists: Drugs mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor.
7. Antacids:These are compounds which neutralize excess acid of stomach. E.g.,
Aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide.
8.Anti-Histamins:The drugs which interfare with the natural action of histamines
and prevent the allergic reaction. E.g., Rantidine, tegarnet, avil.
9.Tranqulizer:The class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress,
mild or even severe mental diseases. E.g., Idardil, iproniagid, luminal, seconil
equanil.
10.Analgesics:They reduce pain without causing impairment of consciousness,
mental confusion or some other disturbance of the nervous system. E.g., Aspirin,
seridon, phenacetin.
11.Antimicrobials:They tend to prevent/destroy or inhibit the pathogenic action of
microbes as bacteria, virus, fungi etc. They are classied as :
(1).Antibiotics:Those are the chemical substances which are produced by
micro-organisms. E.g., Penicillin, O-
oxacin.
Narrow spectrum antibiotics :These are effective mainly against gram
positive or gram negative bacteria. E.g., Penicillin, streptomycin.
Broad spectrum antibiotic :They kill or inhibit a wide range of micro-
organisms. E.g., Chloramphenicol, tetracydine.
2.anticaptics&Disinfectant: These are which either kill/inhibit the growth
of micro-organisms.
Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers etc.
E.g., Furacine, c12hloroxylenol and terpinol (dettol). Disinfectant are applied
to inanimate objects such as -
oors, drainage system.
E.g., 0.2% solution of phenol is an antiseptic while 1% solution is an
disinfectant.
12. Antifertilty drugs:
These are the chemical substances used to control the
pregnancy. They are also called oral contraceptives or birth control pills. E.g.,
Mifepristone, norethindrone.
13.Artificial sweetness agents:These are the chemical compounds which give
sweetening effect to the food without adding calorie. They are good for diabetic
people. E.g., Aspartame, saccharin, alitame, sucrolose.
14.food preservatives:hey prevents spoilage of food to microbial growth.
15.cleaning agents:
1).soaps: They are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. They
are obtained by the soapnication reaction, when fatty acids are heated with
aqueous sodium hydroxide. They do not work well in hard water.
2). Toilets soaps:That are prepared by using better grade of fatty acids and
excess of alkali needs to be removed. Colour and perfumes are added to
make them attractive.
3).madicted soaps:Substances or medicinal value are added. E.g., Buthional,
dettol.
16: synthetic ditergents: They are cleaning agents having properties of soaps, but
actually contain no soap. They can be used in both soft and hard water. They are :
(i) Anionic detergents : They are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain
alcohols or hydrocarbons. E.g., Sodium lauryl sulphonate. They are effective
in acidic solution.
CH3
(CH2
)CH2
OH CH3
(CH2
)10CH2
OSO3
H (lauryl alcohol)
CH3
(CH2
)10CH3
SO3
Na+
(sodium lauryl sulphonate)
(ii) Cationic detergents : They are quarternary ammonium salts of amines with
acetates, chlorides or bromides. They are expensive used to limited extent.
E.g., Cytyltrimethylammonium bromide.
(iii) Non-ionic detergents : They do not contain any ions. Some liquid
dishwashing detergents are of non-ionic type.
17. Biodegradable Detergents : The detergents which are linear and can be attacked
by micro-organisms are biodegradable. E.g., Sodium 4-(1-dodecyl) benzene/
sulphonate.
18. Non-biodegradable Detergents : The detergents which are branched and cannot
be decomposed by micro-organisms are called non-biodegradable. E.g., Sodium
4-(1, 3, 5, 7 tetramethyloctl)-benzene sulphonate. It creates water pollution